Shayari Bazar

Bookish folk aren’t what they used to be. Introverted, reserved, studious. There was a time when bookish folk would steer clear of trendy bars, dinner occasions and gatherings. Any social or public encounters would be avoided at all costs because these activities were very un-bookish. Bookish people preferred to stay in, or to sit alone in a quiet pub, reading a good book, or getting some writing done. Writers, in fact, perhaps epitomised these bookish traits most strongly. At least, they used to.These days, bookish people, such as writers, are commonly found on stage, headlining festivals, or being interviewed on TV. Author events and performances have proliferated, becoming established parts of a writer’s role. It’s not that authors have suddenly become more extroverted – it’s more a case that their job description has changed. Of course, not all writers are bookish. Not in the traditional sense of the word anyway. Some are well suited for public life, particularly those from certain academic backgrounds where public speaking is encouraged and confidence in social situations is shaped and formed. These writers may even be termed ‘gregarious’, and are thus happy being offered up for speaking engagements, stage discussions and signings. Good for them. But the others – the timid, shy and mousy authors – they’re being thrust into the limelight too. That’s my lot. The social wipeouts. Unprepared and ill-equipped to face our reader audience. What’s most concerning is that no one is offering us any guidance or tips. We’re expected to hit the ground running, confident and ready, loaded with banter, quips and answers. It’s a disaster waiting to happen.

Having to amuse myself during those earlier years, I read voraciously and widely. Mythic matter and folklore made up much of that reading—retellings of the old stories (Mallory, White, Briggs), anecdotal collections and historical investigations of the stories' backgrounds—and then I stumbled upon the Tolkien books which took me back to Lord Dunsany, William Morris, James Branch Cabell, E.R. Eddison, Mervyn Peake and the like. I was in heaven when Lin Carter began the Unicorn imprint for Ballantine and scoured the other publishers for similar good finds, delighting when I discovered someone like Thomas Burnett Swann, who still remains a favourite.This was before there was such a thing as a fantasy genre, when you'd be lucky to have one fantasy book published in a month, little say the hundreds per year we have now. I also found myself reading Robert E. Howard (the Cormac and Bran mac Morn books were my favourites), Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith and finally started reading science fiction after coming across Andre Norton's Huon of the Horn. That book wasn't sf, but when I went to read more by her, I discovered everything else was. So I tried a few and that led me to Clifford Simak, Roger Zelazny and any number of other fine sf writers.These days my reading tastes remain eclectic, as you might know if you've been following my monthly book review column in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. I'm as likely to read Basil Johnston as Stephen King, Jeanette Winterson as Harlan Ellison, Barbara Kingsolver as Patricia McKillip, Andrew Vachss as Parke Godwin—in short, my criteria is that the book must be good; what publisher's slot it fits into makes absolutely no difference to me.

كنت أؤنث الكتبكنت دوماً أدعو الكتب التى احبها الى غرفة نومي لاعتقادي |ان الكتب الجميلة كالنساء الجميلات ﻻ يمكن مجالستهن فى الصالون وﻻ بد ان تراودك الرغبة فى اﻻختلاء بهن فى مخدع...الصالون خلق لتلك الكتب الوقورة الرصينة المصطفة فى مكتبة تدافع عن صيتها بثقل وزنها وتعوض عن بلوغها سن اليأس الأدبي بتجليدها الفاخر وخطها الذهبي

Walking into a bookshop is a depressing thing. It’s not the pretentious twats, browsing books as part of their desirable lifestyle. It’s not the scrubby members of staff serving at the counter: the pseudo-hippies and fucking misfits. It’s not the stink of coffee wafting out from somewhere in the building, a concession to the cult of the coffee bean. No, it’s the books. I could ignore the other shit, decide that maybe it didn’t matter too much, that when consumerism meets culture, the result is always going to attract wankers and everything that goes with them. But the books, no, they’re what make your stomach sink and that feeling of dark syrup on the brain descend. Look around you, look at the shelves upon shelves of books – for years, the vessels of all knowledge. We’re part of the new world now, but books persist. Cheap biographies, pulp fiction; glossy covers hiding inadequate sentiments. Walk in and you’re surrounded by this shit – to every side a reminder that we don’t want stimulation anymore, we want sedation. Fight your way through the celebrity memoirs, pornographic cook books, and cheap thrills that satisfy most and you get to the second wave of vomit-inducing product: offerings for the inspired and arty. Matte poetry books, classics, the finest culture can provide packaged and wedged into trendy coverings, kidding you that you’re buying a fashion accessory, not a book. But hey, if you can stomach a trip further into the shop, you hit on the meatier stuff – history, science, economics – provided they can stick ‘pop.’ in front of it, they’ll stock it. Pop. psychology, pop. art, pop. life. It’s the new world – we don’t want serious anymore, we want nuggets of almost-useful information. Books are the past, they’re on the out. Information is digital now; bookshops, they’re somewhere between gallery and museum.

Apart from such chaotic classics as these, my own taste in novel reading is one which I am prepared in a rather especial manner, not only to declare, but to defend. My taste is for the sensational novel, the detective story, the story about death, robbery and secret societies; a taste which I share in common with the bulk at least of the male population of this world. There was a time in my own melodramatic boyhood when I became quite fastidious in this respect. I would look at the first chapter of any new novel as a final test of its merits. If there was a murdered man under the sofa in the first chapter, I read the story. If there was no murdered man under the sofa in the first chapter, I dismissed the story as tea-table twaddle, which it often really was. But we all lose a little of that fine edge of austerity and idealism which sharpened our spiritual standard in our youth. I have come to compromise with the tea-table and to be less insistent about the sofa. As long as a corpse or two turns up in the second, the third, nay even the fourth or fifth chapter, I make allowance for human weakness, and I ask no more. But a novel without any death in it is still to me a novel without any life in it. I admit that the very best of the tea-table novels are great art - for instance, Emma or Northanger Abbey. Sheer elemental genius can make a work of art out of anything. Michelangelo might make a statue out of mud, and Jane Austen could make a novel out of tea - that much more contemptible substance. But on the whole I think that a tale about one man killing another man is more likely to have something in it than a tale in which, all the characters are talking trivialities without any of that instant and silent presence of death which is one of the strong spiritual bonds of all mankind. I still prefer the novel in which one person does another person to death to the novel in which all the persons are feebly (and vainly) trying to get the others to come to life.

In the shop window you have promptly identified the cover with the title you were looking for. Following this visual trail, you have forced your way through the shop past the thick barricade of Books You Haven't Read, which were frowning at you from the tables and shelves, trying to cow you. But you know you must never allow yourself to be awed, that among them there extend for acres and acres the Books You Needn't Read, the Books Made For Purposes Other Than Reading, Books Read Even Before You Open Them Since They Belong To The Category Of Books Read Before Being Written. And thus you pass the outer girdle of ramparts, but then you are attacked by the infantry of the Books That If You Had More Than One Life You Would Certainly Also Read But Unfortunately Your Days Are Numbered. With a rapid maneuver you bypass them and move into the phalanxes of the Books You Mean To Read But There Are Others You Must Read First, the Books Too Expensive Now And You'll Wait Till They're Remaindered, the Books ditto When They Come Out In Paperback, Books You Can Borrow From Somebody, Books That Everybody's Read So It's As If You Had Read Them, Too. Eluding these assaults, you come up beneath the towers of the fortress, where other troops are holding out:the Books You've Been Planning To Read For Ages,the Books You've Been Hunting For Years Without Success,the Books Dealing With Something You're Working On At The Moment,the Books You Want To Own So They'll Be Handy Just In Case,the Books You Could Put Aside Maybe To Read This Summer,the Books You Need To Go With Other Books On Your Shelves,the Books That Fill You With Sudden, Inexplicable Curiosity, Not Easily Justified,Now you have been able to reduce the countless embattled troops to an array that is, to be sure, very large but still calculable in a finite number; but this relative relief is then undermined by the ambush of the Books Read Long Ago Which It's Now Time To Reread and the Books You've Always Pretended To Have Read And Now It's Time To Sit Down And Really Read Them.

نحن لا يمكن أن نجبر فناناً على أن يعمل بخلاف ما تمليه عليه طبيعته وإلا كنا نجبره على التصنع والتكلف، وهذا شر لا يمكن أن يؤذي الأدب والفن، والمسألة في غاية البساطة مع ذلك، فإذا كنا نتيح للفنان حريته كاملة، فنحن أيضاً أحرار في تقييمنا للأعمال الفنية، فلا نمنح تقديرنا إلا لمن يقدم لنا العمل الفني الكامل، وهو العمل الفني الرفيع فنياً النافع إنسانياً واجتماعياً

Già nella vetrina della libreria hai individuato la copertina col titolo che cercavi. Seguendo questa traccia visiva ti sei fatto largo nel negozio attraverso il fitto sbarramento di Libri Che Non Hai Letto che ti guardavao accigliati dai banchi e dagli scaffali cercando d'intimidirti. Ma tu sai che non devi lasciarti mettere in soggezione, che tra loro s'estendono per ettari ed ettari i Libri Che Puoi Fare A Meno Di Leggere, i Libri Fatti Per Altri Usi Che La Lettura, i Libri Già Letti Senza Nemmeno Bisogno D'Aprirli In Quanto Appartenenti Alla Categoria Del Già Letto Prima Ancora D'Essere Stato Scritto. E così superi la prima cinta dei baluardi e ti piomba addosso la fanteria dei Libri Che Se Tu Avessi Più Vite Da Vivere Certamente Anche Questi Li Leggeresti Volentieri Ma Purtroppo I Giorni Che Hai Da Vivere Sono Quelli Che Sono. Con rapida mossa li scavalchi e ti porti in mezzo alle falangi dei Libri Che Hai Intenzione Di Leggere Ma Prima Ne Dovresti Leggere Degli Altri, dei Libri Troppo Cari Che Potresti Aspettare A Comprarli Quando Saranno Rivenduti A Metà Prezzo, dei Libri Idem Come Sopra Quando Verranno Ristampati Nei Tascabili, dei Libri Che Potresti Domandare A Qualcuno Se Te Li Presta, dei Libri Che Tutti Hanno Letto Dunque E' Quasi Come Se Li Avessi Letti Anche Tu. Sventando questi attacchi, ti porti sotto le torri del fortilizio, dove fanno resistenzai Libri Che Da Tanto Tempo Hai In Programma Di Leggere,i Libri Che Da Anni Cercavi Senza Trovarli, i Libri Che Riguardano Qualcosa Di Cui Ti Occupi In Questo Momento,i Libri Che Vuoi Avere Per Tenerli A Portata Di Mano In Ogni Evenienza,i Libri Che Potresti Mettere Da Parte Per Leggerli Magari Quest'Estate,i Libri Che Ti Mancano Per Affiancarli Ad Altri Libri Nel Tuo Scaffale,i Libri Che Ti Ispirano Una Curiosità Improvvisa, Frenetica E Non Chiaramente Giustificabile.Ecco che ti è stato possibile ridurre il numero illimitato di forze in campo a un insieme certo molto grande ma comunque calcolabile in un numero finito, anche se questo relativo sollievo ti viene insidiato dalle imboscate dei Libri Letti Tanto Tempo Fa Che Sarebbe Ora Di Rileggerli e dei Libri Che Hai Sempre Fatto Finta D'Averli Letti Mentre Sarebbe Ora Ti Decidessi A Leggerli Davvero.

You should read the book that you hear two booksellers arguing about at the registers while you’re browsing in a bookstore.You should read the book that you see someone on the train reading and trying to hide that they’re laughing.You should read the book that you see someone on the train reading and trying to hide that they’re crying.You should read the book that you find left behind in the airplane seat pocket, on a park bench, on the bus, at a restaurant, or in a hotel room.You should read the book that you see someone reading for hours in a coffee shop — there when you got there and still there when you left — that made you envious because you were working instead of absorbed in a book.You should read the book you find in your grandparents’ house that’s inscribed “To Ray, all my love, Christmas 1949.”You should read the book that you didn’t read when it was assigned in your high school English class. You’d probably like it better now anyway.You should read the book whose author happened to mention on Charlie Rose that their favorite band is your favorite band.You should read the book that your favorite band references in their lyrics.You should read the book that your history professor mentions and then says, “which, by the way, is a great book,” offhandedly.You should read the book that you loved in high school. Read it again.You should read the book that you find on the library’s free cart whose cover makes you laugh.You should read the book whose main character has your first name.You should read the book whose author gets into funny Twitter exchanges with Colson Whitehead.You should read the book about your hometown’s history that was published by someone who grew up there.You should read the book your parents give you for your high school graduation.You should read the book you’ve started a few times and keep meaning to finish once and for all.You should read books with characters you don’t like.You should read books about countries you’re about to visit.You should read books about historical events you don’t know anything about.You should read books about things you already know a little about.You should read books you can’t stop hearing about and books you’ve never heard of.You should read books mentioned in other books.You should read prize-winners, bestsellers, beach reads, book club picks, and classics, when you want to.You should just keep reading.

‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪review‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫كتـابة‫المُــراجعة‬‬‫اهم الأصول التي يجب مراعاتها وعدم إغفالها عند كتابة أي مراجعة (ريفيو) عن كتاب ما*كتابة المراجعة بعد اﻻطلاع وقراءة الكتاب*عدم الحكم علي الكتاب من العنوان*التقيد بالموضوعية قدر الإمكان .بمعنى ﻻ تجعل تصيبا للذاتية فى حكمك على الكتاب* ﻻ تحكم ع الكتاب ومضمونه انطلاقا من ميلي أو عدمه للمؤلفلماذا؟لأن مراجعتك قد تضل من يتابعك أو أصدقاءك وقد ترشدهمكي ﻻ تكون ظالما للكتاب ومؤلفه ,او معطيا له اكثر من حقه

The approach to digital culture I abhor would indeed turn all the world's books into one book, just as Kevin (Kelly) suggested. It might start to happen in the next decade or so. Google and other companies are scanning library books into the cloud in a massive Manhattan Project of cultural digitization. What happens next is what's important. If the books in the cloud are accessed via user interfaces that encourage mashups of fragments that obscure the context and authorship of each fragment, there will be only one book. This is what happens today with a lot of content; often you don't know where a quoted fragment from a news story came from, who wrote a comment, or who shot a video. A continuation of the present trend will make us like various medieval religious empires, or like North Korea, a society with a single book.The Bible can serve as a prototypical example. Like Wikipedia, the Bible's authorship was shared, largely anonymous, and cumulative, and the obscurity of the individual authors served to create an oracle-like ambience for the document as "the literal word of God." If we take a non-metaphysical view of the Bible, it serves as a link to our ancestors, a window. The ethereal, digital replacement technology for the printing press happens to have come of age in a time when the unfortunate ideology I'm criticizing dominates technological culture. Authorship - the very idea of the individual point of view - is not a priority of the new ideology. The digital flattening of expression into a global mush is not presently enforced from the top down, as it is in the case of a North Korean printing press. Instead, the design of software builds the ideology into those actions that are the easiest to perform on the software designs that are becoming ubiquitous. It is true that by using these tools, individuals can author books or blogs or whatever, but people are encouraged by the economics of free content, crowd dynamics, and lord aggregators to serve up fragments instead of considered whole expressions or arguments. The efforts of authors are appreciated in a manner that erases the boundaries between them.The one collective book will absolutely not be the same thing as the library of books by individuals it is bankrupting. Some believe it will be better; others, including me, believe it will be disastrously worse. As the famous line goes from Inherit the Wind: 'The Bible is a book... but it is not the only book' Any singular, exclusive book, even the collective one accumulating in the cloud, will become a cruel book if it is the only one available.

Responding to a moderator at the Sydney Writers Festival in 2008 (video), about the Spanish words in his book:When all of us are communicating and talking when we’re out in the world, we’ll be lucky if we can understand 20 percent of what people say to us. A whole range of clues, of words, of languages escape us. I mean we’re not perfect, we’re not gods. But on top of that people mis-speak, sometimes you mis-hear, sometimes you don’t have attention, sometimes people use words you don’t know. Sometimes people use languages you don’t know. On a daily basis, human beings are very comfortable with a large component of communication, which is incomprehensibility, incomprehension. We tend to be comfortable with it. But for an immigrant, it becomes very different. What most of us consider normative comprehension an immigrant fears that they’re not getting it because of their lack of mastery in the language.And what’s a normal component in communication, incomprehension, in some ways for an immigrant becomes a source of deep anxiety because you’re not sure if it’s just incomprehension or your own failures. My sense of writing a book where there is an enormous amount of language that perhaps everyone doesn’t have access to was less to communicate the experience of the immigrant than to communicate the experience that for an immigrant causes much discomfort but that is normative for people. which is that we tend to not understand, not grasp a large part of the language around us. What’s funny is, will Ramona accept incomprehension in our everyday lives and will greet that in a book with enormous fury. In other words what we’re comfortable with out in the outside world, we do not want to encounter in our books.So I’m constantly, people have come to me and asked me… is this, are you trying to lock out your non-Dominican reader, you know? And I’m like, no? I assume any gaps in a story and words people don’t understand, whether it’s the nerdish stuff, whether it’s the Elvish, whether it’s the character going on about Dungeons and Dragons, whether it’s the Dominican Spanish, whether it’s the sort of high level graduate language, I assume if people don’t get it that this is not an attempt for the writer to be aggressive. This is an attempt for the writer to encourage the reader to build community, to go out and ask somebody else. For me, words that you can’t understand in a book aren’t there to torture or remind people that they don’t know. I always felt they were to remind people that part of the experience of reading has always been collective. You learn to read with someone else. Yeah you may currently practice it in a solitary fashion, but reading is a collective enterprise. And what the unintelligible in a book does is to remind you how our whole, lives we’ve always needed someone else to help us with reading.

الفارق بين الأدب الحقيقي حين يتعرض لموقف جنسي وبين الكتابة الرخيصة التي تصور المواقف الجنسية بقصد الإثارة والرواج هو نية الكاتب وفلسفته، وهذا لا يمكن الحكم عليه إلا بشعور القاريء وما خرج به من القصة أو العمل الفني، فإذا خرج من مطالعة عمل فني باحساس المتعة الجسدية فقط، وكان هذا هو كل ما ترسب في نفسك منه فأنت أمام عمل الغرض منه الاثارة الجنسية ، لأن هذا هو ما حصلته منه فعلا، ولكن عندما تبقى في نفسك مباديء أخرى تترسب من الموقف الجنسي، بمعنى أنك عندما تطالع عملاً أدبياً موضوعه الجنس ولكنه يؤدي بك إلى التفكير في شيء اجتماعي أو روحي أو فكري فإنك في هذه الحالة لا تكون أمام عمل القصد منه الإثارة الجنسية لا أكثر.

76.David Hume – Treatise on Human Nature; Essays Moral and Political; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding77.Jean-Jacques Rousseau – On the Origin of Inequality; On the Political Economy; Emile – or, On Education, The Social Contract78.Laurence Sterne – Tristram Shandy; A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy79.Adam Smith – The Theory of Moral Sentiments; The Wealth of Nations80.Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason; Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals; Critique of Practical Reason; The Science of Right; Critique of Judgment; Perpetual Peace81.Edward Gibbon – The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Autobiography82.James Boswell – Journal; Life of Samuel Johnson, Ll.D.83.Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry)84.Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison – Federalist Papers85.Jeremy Bentham – Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation; Theory of Fictions86.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust; Poetry and Truth87.Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier – Analytical Theory of Heat88.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – Phenomenology of Spirit; Philosophy of Right; Lectures on the Philosophy of History89.William Wordsworth – Poems90.Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Poems; Biographia Literaria91.Jane Austen – Pride and Prejudice; Emma92.Carl von Clausewitz – On War93.Stendhal – The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma; On Love94.Lord Byron – Don Juan95.Arthur Schopenhauer – Studies in Pessimism96.Michael Faraday – Chemical History of a Candle; Experimental Researches in Electricity97.Charles Lyell – Principles of Geology98.Auguste Comte – The Positive Philosophy99.Honoré de Balzac – Père Goriot; Eugenie Grandet100.Ralph Waldo Emerson – Representative Men; Essays; Journal101.Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter102.Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America103.John Stuart Mill – A System of Logic; On Liberty; Representative Government; Utilitarianism; The Subjection of Women; Autobiography104.Charles Darwin – The Origin of Species; The Descent of Man; Autobiography105.Charles Dickens – Pickwick Papers; David Copperfield; Hard Times106.Claude Bernard – Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine107.Henry David Thoreau – Civil Disobedience; Walden108.Karl Marx – Capital; Communist Manifesto109.George Eliot – Adam Bede; Middlemarch110.Herman Melville – Moby-Dick; Billy Budd111.Fyodor Dostoevsky – Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Brothers Karamazov112.Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary; Three Stories113.Henrik Ibsen – Plays114.Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace; Anna Karenina; What is Art?; Twenty-Three Tales115.Mark Twain – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Mysterious Stranger116.William James – The Principles of Psychology; The Varieties of Religious Experience; Pragmatism; Essays in Radical Empiricism117.Henry James – The American; The Ambassadors118.Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Thus Spoke Zarathustra; Beyond Good and Evil; The Genealogy of Morals;The Will to Power119.Jules Henri Poincaré – Science and Hypothesis; Science and Method120.Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of Dreams; Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis; Civilization and Its Discontents; New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis121.George Bernard Shaw – Plays and Prefaces

Reading list (1972 edition)[edit]1.Homer – Iliad, Odyssey2.The Old Testament3.Aeschylus – Tragedies4.Sophocles – Tragedies5.Herodotus – Histories6.Euripides – Tragedies7.Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War8.Hippocrates – Medical Writings9.Aristophanes – Comedies10.Plato – Dialogues11.Aristotle – Works12.Epicurus – Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoecus13.Euclid – Elements14.Archimedes – Works15.Apollonius of Perga – Conic Sections16.Cicero – Works17.Lucretius – On the Nature of Things18.Virgil – Works19.Horace – Works20.Livy – History of Rome21.Ovid – Works22.Plutarch – Parallel Lives; Moralia23.Tacitus – Histories; Annals; Agricola Germania24.Nicomachus of Gerasa – Introduction to Arithmetic25.Epictetus – Discourses; Encheiridion26.Ptolemy – Almagest27.Lucian – Works28.Marcus Aurelius – Meditations29.Galen – On the Natural Faculties30.The New Testament31.Plotinus – The Enneads32.St. Augustine – On the Teacher; Confessions; City of God; On Christian Doctrine33.The Song of Roland34.The Nibelungenlied35.The Saga of Burnt Njál36.St. Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica37.Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy;The New Life; On Monarchy38.Geoffrey Chaucer – Troilus and Criseyde; The Canterbury Tales39.Leonardo da Vinci – Notebooks40.Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy41.Desiderius Erasmus – The Praise of Folly42.Nicolaus Copernicus – On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres43.Thomas More – Utopia44.Martin Luther – Table Talk; Three Treatises45.François Rabelais – Gargantua and Pantagruel46.John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Religion47.Michel de Montaigne – Essays48.William Gilbert – On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies49.Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote50.Edmund Spenser – Prothalamion; The Faerie Queene51.Francis Bacon – Essays; Advancement of Learning; Novum Organum, New Atlantis52.William Shakespeare – Poetry and Plays53.Galileo Galilei – Starry Messenger; Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences54.Johannes Kepler – Epitome of Copernican Astronomy; Concerning the Harmonies of the World55.William Harvey – On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; On the Circulation of the Blood; On the Generation of Animals56.Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan57.René Descartes – Rules for the Direction of the Mind; Discourse on the Method; Geometry; Meditations on First Philosophy58.John Milton – Works59.Molière – Comedies60.Blaise Pascal – The Provincial Letters; Pensees; Scientific Treatises61.Christiaan Huygens – Treatise on Light62.Benedict de Spinoza – Ethics63.John Locke – Letter Concerning Toleration; Of Civil Government; Essay Concerning Human Understanding;Thoughts Concerning Education64.Jean Baptiste Racine – Tragedies65.Isaac Newton – Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; Optics66.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Discourse on Metaphysics; New Essays Concerning Human Understanding;Monadology67.Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe68.Jonathan Swift – A Tale of a Tub; Journal to Stella; Gulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal69.William Congreve – The Way of the World70.George Berkeley – Principles of Human Knowledge71.Alexander Pope – Essay on Criticism; Rape of the Lock; Essay on Man72.Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu – Persian Letters; Spirit of Laws73.Voltaire – Letters on the English; Candide; Philosophical Dictionary74.Henry Fielding – Joseph Andrews; Tom Jones75.Samuel Johnson – The Vanity of Human Wishes; Dictionary; Rasselas; The Lives of the Poets